The Jungle Book 2 Part 9

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• The Jungle Book 2 Part 9
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The Jungle Book is a 1967 American animated musicalcomedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions. Based on Rudyard Kipling's book of the same name, it is the 19th Disney animated feature film. Directed by Wolfgang Reitherman, it was the last film to be produced by Walt Disney, who died during its production. The plot follows Mowgli, a feral child raised in the Indian jungle by wolves, as his friends Bagheera the panther and Baloo the bear try to convince him to leave the jungle before the evil tiger Shere Khan arrives.

The early versions of both the screenplay and the soundtrack followed Kipling's work more closely, with a dramatic, dark, and sinister tone which Disney did not want in his family film, leading to writer Bill Peet and composer Terry Gilkyson being replaced. The casting employed famous actors and musicians Phil Harris, Sebastian Cabot, George Sanders and Louis Prima, as well as Disney regulars such as Sterling Holloway, J. Pat O'Malley and Verna Felton, and the director's son, Bruce Reitherman, as Mowgli.

The Jungle Book was released on October 18, 1967, to positive reception, with acclaim for its soundtrack, featuring five songs by the Sherman Brothers and one by Gilkyson, 'The Bare Necessities'. The film initially became Disney's second highest-grossing animated film in the United States and Canada,^[3] and was also successful during its re-releases. The film was also successful throughout the world, becoming Germany's highest-grossing film by number of admissions.^[4] Disney released a live-action adaptation in 1994 and an animated sequel, The Jungle Book 2, in 2003; a live-action remake directed by Jon Favreau was released in 2016.

• 3Production
• 5Release and reception

Plot

Mowgli, a young orphan boy, is found in a basket in the deep jungles of India by Bagheera, a black panther who promptly takes him to Raksha, a mother wolf who has just had cubs. She and her mate, Rama, raise him along with their own cubs and after ten years, Mowgli becomes well acquainted with jungle life and plays with his wolf siblings. Bagheera is pleased with how happy Mowgli now is, but also worries that Mowgli may eventually need to return to his own kind.

One night, the wolf pack parents meet at Council Rock, having learned that Shere Khan, a man-eating Bengal tiger, has returned to the pack's part of the jungle. Pack leader Akela decides that Mowgli can no longer stay with the pack and must be deported from the jungle for his own safety. Bagheera volunteers to escort him to a 'Man-Village.' They leave that very night, but Mowgli is determined to stay in the jungle. He and Bagheera rest in a tree for the night, where Kaa, a hungry Indian python, tries to devour Mowgli, but Bagheera intervenes. The next morning, Mowgli tries to join the elephant patrol led by Colonel Hathi and his wife Winifred. Bagheera finds Mowgli, but after a fight decides to leave Mowgli on his own. Mowgli soon meets up with the laid-back, fun-loving bearBaloo, who promises to raise Mowgli himself and never take him back to the Man-Village.

Shortly afterwards, a group of monkeys kidnap Mowgli and take him to their leader, King Louie the orangutan. King Louie offers to help Mowgli stay in the jungle if he will tell Louie how to make fire like other humans. However, since he was not raised by humans, Mowgli does not know how to make fire. Bagheera and Baloo arrive to rescue Mowgli and in the ensuing chaos, King Louie's palace is demolished to rubble. Bagheera speaks to Baloo that night and convinces him that the jungle will never be safe for Mowgli so long as Shere Khan is there. In the morning, Baloo reluctantly explains to Mowgli that the Man-Village is best for the boy, but Mowgli accuses him of breaking his promise and runs away. As Baloo sets off in search of Mowgli, Bagheera rallies the help of Hathi and his patrol. However, Shere Khan himself, who was eavesdropping on Bagheera and Hathi's conversation, is now determined to hunt and kill Mowgli himself.

Meanwhile, Mowgli has encountered Kaa once again, but thanks to the unwitting intervention of the suspicious Shere Khan, Mowgli escapes. As a storm gathers, a depressed Mowgli encounters a group of friendly vultures who accept Mowgli as a fellow outcast. Shere Khan appears shortly after, scaring off the vultures and confronting Mowgli. Baloo rushes to the rescue and tries to keep Shere Khan away from Mowgli, but is injured. When lightning strikes a nearby tree and sets it ablaze, the vultures swoop in to distract Shere Khan while Mowgli grabs a large flaming branch and ties it to Shere Khan's tail. Terrified of fire, the tiger panics and runs off.

Bagheera and Baloo take Mowgli to the edge of the Man-Village, but Mowgli is still hesitant to go there. However, his mind abruptly changes when he is smitten by a beautiful young girl from the village who is coming down by the riverside to fetch water. After noticing Mowgli, she 'accidentally' drops her water pot. Mowgli retrieves it for her and follows her into the Man-Village. After Mowgli shrugs to Baloo and Bagheera as a way of saying that he has made up his mind and chosen to go into the Man-Village, Baloo and Bagheera decide to head home, content that Mowgli is safe and happy with his own kind.

Cast

• Bruce Reitherman as Mowgli, an orphaned boy, commonly referred to as 'man-cub' by the other characters.
• Phil Harris as Baloo, a sloth bear who leads a carefree life and believes in letting the good things in life come by themselves.
• Sebastian Cabot as Bagheera, a serious black panther who is determined to take Mowgli back to the village and disapproves of Baloo's carefree approach to life.
• Louis Prima as King Louie, an orangutan who wants to be a human, and wants Mowgli to teach him how to make fire.
• George Sanders as Shere Khan, an intelligent and sophisticated yet merciless Bengal tiger who hates all humans for fear of their guns and fire and wants to kill Mowgli.
• Sterling Holloway as Kaa, an Indian python who also seeks Mowgli as prey, but comically fails each time he attempts to eat him.
• J. Pat O'Malley as Colonel Hathi the Indian elephant/Buzzie the Vulture
• Verna Felton as Winifred, Colonel Hathi's wife.
• Clint Howard as Junior, Colonel Hathi's son.
• Chad Stuart as Flaps the Vulture
• Lord Tim Hudson as Dizzie the Vulture
• John Abbott as Akela the Indian wolf
• Ben Wright as Rama the Father Wolf
• Darleen Carr as the human Girl
• Leo De Lyon as Flunkey the Langur*
• Hal Smith as The Slob Elephant*
• Ralph Wright as The Gloomy Elephant*
• Digby Wolfe as Ziggy the Vulture*
• Bill Skiles and Pete Henderson as Monkeys*

Asterisks mark actors listed in the opening credits as 'Additional Voices'.^[5][6][7]

Production

Development and writing

After The Sword in the Stone was released, storyman Bill Peet claimed to Walt Disney that 'we [the animation department] can do more interesting animal characters' and suggested that Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book could be used for the studio's next film.^[8] Disney agreed and Peet created an original treatment, with little supervision, as he had done with One Hundred and One Dalmatians and The Sword in the Stone. However, after the disappointing reaction to The Sword in the Stone, Walt Disney decided to become more involved in the story than he had been with the past two films,^[9] with his nephew Roy E. Disney saying that '[he] certainly influenced everything about it. (...) With Jungle Book, he obviously got hooked on the jungle and the characters that lived there.'^[10]

Peet decided to follow closely the dramatic, dark, and sinister tone of Kipling's book, which is about the struggles between animals and man. However, the film's writers decided to make the story more straightforward, as the novel is very episodic, with Mowgli going back and forth from the jungle to the Man-Village, and Peet felt that Mowgli returning to the Man-Village should be the ending for the film. Following suggestions, Peet also created the character of Louie, king of the monkeys. Louie was a less comical character, enslaving Mowgli trying to get the boy to teach him to make fire. The orangutan would also show a plot point borrowed from The Second Jungle Book, gold and jewels under his ruins.^[1][9] The ending also was very different from the final film's: after Mowgli got to the man village, he would get into an argument with Buldeo the hunter which would cause him to return to the jungle with a torch, which he would use to scare those who attacked or mocked him through the journey, before being dragged back to the ruins by Buldeo in search for the treasure. After recovering a great part of the treasure, Buldeo would declare his intentions to burn the jungle to avoid the threat of Shere Khan, only for the tiger to attack and kill him, before being killed by Mowgli with the hunter's gun. Due to his actions, Mowgli would be hailed as a hero in both the jungle and the village, and declared the first human to be part of the wolves' council.^[1][9] Disney was not pleased with how the story was turning out, as he felt it was too dark for family viewing and insisted on script changes. Peet refused, and after a long argument, Peet left the Disney studio in January 1964.^[8]

Disney then assigned Larry Clemmons as his new writer and one of the four story men for the film, giving Clemmons a copy of Kipling's book, and telling him: 'The first thing I want you to do is not to read it.'^[9] Clemmons still looked at the novel, and thought it was too disjointed and without continuity, needing adaptations to fit a film script. Clemmons wanted to start in medias res, with some flashbacks afterwards, but then Disney said to focus on doing the storyline more straight - 'Let's do the meat of the picture. Let's establish the characters. Let's have fun with it.'.^[11] Although much of Bill Peet's work was discarded, the personalities of the characters remained in the final film. This was because Disney felt that the story should be kept simple, and the characters should drive the story. Disney took an active role in the story meetings, acting out each role and helping to explore the emotions of the characters, help create gags and develop emotional sequences.^[9] Clemmons also created the human girl for which Mowgli falls in love, as the animators considered that falling in love would be the best excuse for Mowgli to leave the jungle.^[1][9] Clemmons would write a rough script with an outline for most sequences. The story artists then discussed how to fill the scenes, including the comedic gags to employ.^{[12][13][self-published source]} The script also tried to incorporate how the voice actors molded their characters and interacted with each other.^[14]The Jungle Book also marks the last animated film from the company to have Disney's personal touches, before his death on December 15, 1966.^[15]

Casting

—Wolfgang Reitherman^[14]

Many familiar voices inspired the animators in their creation of the characters^[9] and helped them shape their personalities.^[15] This use of familiar voices for key characters was a rarity in Disney's past films.^[9] The staff was shocked to hear that a wise cracking comedian, Phil Harris was going to be in a Kipling film. Disney suggested Harris after meeting him at a party.^[16] Harris improvised most of his lines, as he considered the scripted lines 'didn't feel natural'.^[8] After Harris was cast, Disneyland Records president Jimmy Johnson suggested Disney to get Louis Prima as King Louie, as he 'felt that Louis would be great as foil'.^[17] Walt also cast other prominent actors such as George Sanders as Shere Khan and Sebastian Cabot as Bagheera. Additionally, he cast regular Disney voices such as Sterling Holloway as Kaa, J. Pat O'Malley as Colonel Hathi and Buzzie the Vulture and Verna Felton as Hathi's wife. This was her last film before she died.^[15] David Bailey was originally cast as Mowgli, but his voice changed during production, leading Bailey to not fit the 'young innocence of Mowgli's character' at which the producers were aiming. Thus director Wolfgang Reitherman cast his son Bruce, who had just voiced Christopher Robin in Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree. The animators shot footage of Bruce as a guide for the character's performance.^[8][18] Child actress Darlene Carr was going around singing in the studio when composers Sherman Brothers asked her to record a demo of 'My Own Home'. Carr's performance impressed Disney enough for him to cast her as the role of the human girl.^[19]

In the original book, the vultures are grim and evil characters who feast on the dead. Disney lightened it up by having the vultures bearing a physical and vocal resemblance to The Beatles, including the signature mop-top haircut. It was also planned to have the members of the band to both voice the characters and sing their song, 'That's What Friends Are For'. However, the Beatles member John Lennon's refusal to work on animated films in that period led to the idea being discarded.^[20] The casting of the vultures still brought a British Invasion musician, Chad Stuart of the duo Chad & Jeremy.^[8] In earlier drafts of the scene the vultures had a near-sighted rhinoceros friend named Rocky, who was to be voiced by Frank Fontaine. However, Walt decided to cut the character for feeling that the film had already much action with the monkeys and vultures.^[21]

Animation

Animation on The Jungle Book commenced on May 2, 1966. While many of the later Disney feature films had animators being responsible for single characters, in The Jungle Book the animators were in charge of whole sequences, since many have characters interacting with one another. The animation was done by xerography, with character design, led by Ken Anderson, employing rough, artistic edges in contrast to the round animals seen in productions such as Dumbo.^[22]

Anderson also decided to make Shere Khan resemble his voice actor, George Sanders.^[8] Backgrounds were hand-painted — with exception of the waterfall, mostly consisting of footage of the Angel Falls - and sometimes scenery was used in both foreground and bottom to create a notion of depth. Following one of Reitherman's trademarks of reusing animation of his previous films, the wolf cubs are based on dogs from 101 Dalmatians. Animator Milt Kahl based Bagheera and Shere Khan's movements on live-action felines, which he saw in two Disney productions, A Tiger Walks and the 'Jungle Cat' episode of True-Life Adventures.^[22]

Baloo was also based on footage of bears, even incorporating the animal's penchant for scratching. Since Kaa has no limbs, its design received big expressive eyes, and parts of Kaa's body did the action that normally would be done with hands.^[23] The monkeys' dance during 'I Wan'na Be Like You' was partially inspired by a performance Louis Prima did with his band at Disney's soundstage to convince Walt Disney to cast him.^[8]

Music

The instrumental music was written by George Bruns and orchestrated by Walter Sheets. Two of the cues were reused from previous Disney films. The scene where Mowgli wakes up after escaping King Louie used one of Bruns' themes for Sleeping Beauty; and the scene where Bagheera gives a eulogy to Baloo when he mistakenly thinks the bear was killed by Shere Khan used Paul J. Smith's organ score from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.^[24]

The score features eight original songs: seven by the Sherman Brothers and one by Terry Gilkyson. Longtime Disney collaborator Gilkyson was the first songwriter to bring several complete songs which followed the book closely but Walt Disney felt that his efforts were too dark. The only piece of Gilkyson's work which survived to the final film was his upbeat tune 'The Bare Necessities', which was liked by the rest of the film crew. The Sherman Brothers were then brought in to do a complete rewrite.^[8] Disney asked the siblings if they had read Kipling's book and they replied that they had done so 'a long, long time ago' and that they had also seen the 1942 version by Alexander Korda. Disney said the 'nice, mysterious, heavy stuff' from both works was not what he aimed for, instead going for a 'lightness, a Disney touch'.^[25] Disney frequently brought the composers to the storyline sessions.^[8] He asked them to 'find scary places and write fun songs' for their compositions^[24] that fit in with the story and advanced the plot instead of being interruptive.^[8]

Release and reception

Theatrical run

The Jungle Book was released in October 1967,^[9] just 10 months after Walt's death.^[15] Some copies were in a double feature with Charlie, the Lonesome Cougar.^[26] Produced on a budget of $4 million,^[27][28] the film was a massive success, grossing domestic rentals of $11.5 million by 1968.^[29] By 1970, the film had grossed $13 million in domestic rentals becoming the second highest-grossing animated film in the United States and Canada.^[3] The film earned over $23.8 million worldwide becoming the most successful animated film released during its initial run.^[30]

The Jungle Book was re-released theatrically in North America three times, 1978, 1984, and 1990, and also in Europe throughout the 1980s.^[31] The 1978 re-release increased its North American rentals to $27.3 million, which surpassed Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs making it the highest grossing animated film of all-time in the United States and Canada^[32] until Snow White was re-released in 1983. The film's total lifetime gross in the U.S. and Canada is $141 million.^1[33] When adjusted for inflation, it is estimated to be equivalent to $665 million, which would make it the 32nd highest-grossing film of all time in the United States and Canada.^[34]

The Jungle Book is Germany's biggest film of all time in terms of admissions with 27.3 million tickets sold, nearly 10 million more than Titanic's 18.8 million tickets sold.^[4] It has grossed an estimated $108 million in Germany making it the third highest-grossing film of all time in Germany behind only Avatar ($137 million) and Titanic ($125 million).^[35] The film was the seventh most popular sound film of the twentieth century in the UK with admissions of 19.8 million.^[36] The film is France's ninth biggest film of all time in terms of admissions with 14.8 million tickets sold.^[37]

Home media

The Jungle Book was released in the United States on VHS in 1991 as part of the Walt Disney Classics product line and in the United Kingdom in 1993. In the United States, the VHS release sold 7.4million units and grossed $184,926,000 in 1991, making it the year's third best-selling home video release, behind only Fantasia and Home Alone.^[38] By 1994, The Jungle Book sold 9.5million units in the United States.^[39] Home video sales outside North America reached 14.8 million units by January 1994, becoming the best-selling international VHS release in overseas markets, including sales of 4.9million units in the United Kingdom, 4.3million in Germany, and 1.2million in France.^[40] By August 1994, it had sold 15million units in international overseas markets,^[41] bringing worldwide sales to 24.5million units by 1994. As of 2002, The Jungle Book held the record for the best-selling home video release in the United Kingdom, ahead of Titanic which sold 4.8million units.^[42]

It was reissued on video in 1997 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection for the film's 30th anniversary.^[31] A Limited Issue DVD was released by Buena Vista Home Entertainment in 1999.^[43] The film was released once again as a 2-disc Platinum Edition DVD on October 2, 2007 to commemorate its 40th anniversary.^[44] Its release was accompanied by a limited 18-day run at Disney's own El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, with the opening night featuring a panel with composer Richard Sherman and voice actors Bruce Reitherman, Darlene Carr, and Chad Stuart.^[45] The Platinum DVD was put on moratorium in 2010.^[46] The film was released in a Blu-Ray/DVD/Digital Copy Combo pack on February 11, 2014 as part of Disney's Diamond Edition line.^[47] The Diamond Edition release went back into the Disney Vault on January 31, 2017. In the United States, the DVD and Blu-ray releases sold 12 million units between 2007 and 2016, and have grossed $304 million as of August 2018.^[48]

Critical reception

The Jungle Book received positive reviews upon release, undoubtedly influenced by a nostalgic reaction to the death of Walt Disney.^[15]Time noted that the film strayed far from the Kipling stories, but '[n]evertheless, the result is thoroughly delightful...it is the happiest possible way to remember Walt Disney.'^[49]Howard Thompson of The New York Times praised the film as 'simple, uncluttered, straight-forward fun, as put together by the director, Wolfgang Reitherman, four screen writers and the usual small army of technicians. Using some lovely exotic pastel backgrounds and a nice clutch of tunes, the picture unfolds like an intelligent comic-strip fairy tale'.^[26]Richard Schickel, reviewing for Life magazine, referred to it as 'the best thing of its kind since Dumbo, another short, bright, unscary and blessedly uncultivated cartoon.'^[50]Variety gave the film a favorable review while noting that 'the story development is restrained' and that younger audiences 'may squirm at times.'^[51] The song 'The Bare Necessities' was nominated for Best Original Song at the 40th Academy Awards, losing to 'Talk to the Animals' from Doctor Dolittle.^[52]Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences president Gregory Peck lobbied extensively for this film to be nominated for Best Picture, but was unsuccessful.^[53]

Retrospective reviews were also positive, with the film's animation, characters and music receiving much praise throughout the years. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 86% based on 37 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, 'With expressive animation, fun characters, and catchy songs, The Jungle Book endures as a crowd-pleasing Disney classic.'^[54] In 1990, when the film had its last theatrical re-release, Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly considered that The Jungle Book 'isn't a classic Walt Disney film on the order of, say, Cinderella or Pinocchio, but it's one of Disney's liveliest and funniest'.^[55] Charles Solomon, reviewing for the Los Angeles Times, thought the film's crew was 'near the height of their talents' and the resulting film 'remains a high-spirited romp that will delight children—and parents weary of action films with body counts that exceed their box-office grosses.'^[56] In 2010, Empire described the film as one that 'gets pretty much everything right', regarding that the vibrant animation and catchy songs overcame the plot deficiencies.^[53]

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in this list:

• 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

• • 'The Bare Necessities' – Nominated
  • 'I Wanna Be Like You' – Nominated

Legacy

In 1968, Disneyland Records released the album More Jungle Book, an unofficial sequel also written by screenwriter Larry Simmons, which continued the story of the film, and included Phil Harris and Louis Prima voicing their film roles. In the record, Baloo (Harris) is missing Mowgli (Ginny Tyler), so he teams up with King Louie (Prima) and Bagheera (Dal McKennon) to take him from the man village.^[57] On February 14, 2003, DisneyToon Studios in Australia released a film sequel, The Jungle Book 2, in which Mowgli runs away from the man village to see his animal friends, unaware that Shere Khan is more determined to kill him than ever.^[58] In 2005, screenwriter Robert Reece pitched Jungle Book 3 to Disney execs. However, the project never materialized.^[59]

Elements of The Jungle Book were recycled in the later Disney feature film Robin Hood due to that film's limited budget, such as Baloo being inspiration for Little John (who not only was a bear, but also voiced by Phil Harris). In particular, the dance sequence between Baloo and King Louie was simply rotoscoped for Little John and Lady Cluck's dance.^[60] It has been widely acclaimed by animators, with Eric Goldberg declaring The Jungle Book 'boasts possibly the best character animation a studio has ever done'. The animators of Aladdin, The Lion King and Lilo & Stitch took inspiration from the design and animation of the film, and four people involved with Disney's animations, director Brad Bird and animators Andreas Deja, Glen Keane and Sergio Pablos, have declared the film to be their inspiration for entering the business.^[61]

Many characters appear in the 1990–91 animated series TaleSpin.^[62] Between 1996 and 1998, the TV series Jungle Cubs told the stories of Baloo, Hahti, Bagheera, Louie, Kaa, and Shere Khan when they were children.^[63] Disney later made a live-action adaptation of the film, which was more of a realistic action-adventure film with somewhat-more adult themes. The film, released in 1994, differs even more from the book than its animated counterpart, but was still a box-office success. In 1998, Disney released a direct to video film entitled The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story.^[64] A new live-action version of The Jungle Book was released by Disney in 2016, which even reused most of the songs of the animated movie, with some lyrical reworking by original composer Richard M. Sherman.^[65]

There are two video games based on the film: The Jungle Book was a platformer released in 1993 for Master System, Mega Drive, Game Gear, Super NES, Game Boy and PC. A version for the Game Boy Advance was later released in 2003.^[66]The Jungle Book Groove Party was a dance mat game released in 2000 for PlayStation and PlayStation 2.^[67][68]Kaa and Shere Khan have also made cameo appearances in another Disney video game, Quackshot.^[69] A world based on the film was intended to appear more than once in the Square Enix-DisneyKingdom Hearts video game series, but was omitted both times, first in the first game because it featured a similar world based on Tarzan,^[70] and second in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep, although areas of the world are accessible via hacking codes.^[71]

Since the film's release, many of the film's characters appeared in House of Mouse, The Lion King 1½, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, and Aladdin and the King of Thieves.^[72] In December 2010, a piece of artwork by British artist Banksy featuring The Jungle Book characters which had been commissioned by Greenpeace to help raise awareness of deforestation went on sale for the sum of £80,000.^[73]

See also

Notes

1. ^ In 2003, Variety listed the worldwide gross for The Jungle Book at $378 million.^[2] It also listed the North American gross at $128 million, which is lower than the reported estimate at $141 million.^[33]

References

1. ^ ^abcdDisney's Kipling: Walt's Magic Touch on a Literary Classic. The Jungle Book Platinum Edition, Disc 2: Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 2007.
2. ^ ^abD'Alessandro, Anthony (October 27, 2003). 'Cartoon Coffers - Top-Grossing Disney Animated Features at the Worldwide B.O.'. Variety. p. 6.
3. ^ ^ab'All-Time Box Office Champs'. Variety. January 6, 1971. p. 12.
4. ^ ^abScott Roxborough (April 22, 2016). 'Why Disney's Original 'Jungle Book' Is Germany's Biggest Film of All Time'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
5. ^Beck, Jerry (2005). The animated movie guide. Chicago Review Press. p. 133. ISBN1-55652-591-5.
6. ^Hischak, Thomas S. (2011). Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary. McFarland. p. 240. ISBN978-0-7864-6271-1.
7. ^Webb, Graham S. (2000). The animated film encyclopedia: a complete guide to American shorts, features and sequences 1900-1979. McFarland. p. 257. ISBN978-0-7864-0728-6.
8. ^ ^abcdefghijBarrier, Michael (2008). The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney. University of California Press. p. 276. ISBN978-0-520-25619-4.
9. ^ ^abcdefghiThomas, Bob (1997). 'Chapter 7: The Post-War Films'. Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Hercules. pp. 106–07. ISBN978-0786862412.
10. ^The Legacy of the Jungle Book. The Jungle Book 2 DVD: Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 2003.
11. ^Larry Clemmons. The Jungle Bookaudio commentary. The Jungle Book — Platinum Edition
12. ^Beiman, Nancy (2007). Prepare to board!: creating story and characters for animated features and shorts. Focal Press. ISBN978-0-240-80820-8.
13. ^Norman, Floyd (2010). Ghez, Didier (ed.). Walt's People -, Volume 9. Xlibris Corporation. p. 175. ISBN978-1-4500-8746-9.
14. ^ ^abCrown (1980). Walt Disney's The jungle book. Harmony Books. p. 5. ISBN978-0-517-54328-3.
15. ^ ^abcdeMaltin, Leonard (2000). 'The Jungle Book'. The Disney Films. Disney Editions. pp. 253–56. ISBN978-0786885275.
16. ^Wolfgang Reitherman. The Jungle Bookaudio commentary. The Jungle Book — Platinum Edition
17. ^Hollis, Tim; Ehrbar, Greg (2006). Mouse tracks: the story of Walt Disney Records. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 89, 90. ISBN978-1-57806-849-4.
18. ^Bruce Reitherman (2007). The Jungle Book audio commentary. The Jungle Book, Platinum Edition, Disc 1.
19. ^Sherman, Robert; Sherman, Richard (1998). Walt's Time: from before to beyond. Camphor Tree Publishers. p. 84. ISBN978-0964605930.
20. ^McLean, Craig (July 30, 2013). 'The Jungle Book: the making of Disney's most troubled film'. The Telegraph. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
21. ^Lost Character: Rocky the Rhino. The Jungle Book Platinum Edition Disc 1: Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 2007.
22. ^ ^abAndreas Deja (2007). The Jungle Book audio commentary. The Jungle Book, Platinum Edition, Disc 1.
23. ^Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston Discuss Character Animation. The Jungle Book, Platinum Edition, Disc 2. 2007.
24. ^ ^abRichard Sherman (2007). The Jungle Book audio commentary. The Jungle Book, Platinum Edition, Disc 1.
25. ^Sherman, Robert B.; Sherman, Richard M. (1990). Interview with the Sherman Brothers(audio track) format= requires url= (help). The Jungle Book soundtrack, 30th Anniversary Edition (1997): Walt Disney Records.
26. ^ ^abThompson, Howard (December 23, 1967). 'Disney 'Jungle Book' Arrives Just in Time'. The New York Times. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
27. ^DiPrisco, Mike (September 2, 2012). 'Ranking Disney: #12 – The Jungle Book (1967)'. B+ Movie Blog. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
28. ^'The.Jungle.Book.(1967).SE.DVD9.PAL-DVD-ED2K [EN/ES/PT/HB]'. sharethefiles.com. March 19, 2008. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
29. ^'Big Rental Films of 1968'. Variety. January 8, 1969. p. 15.
30. ^'Animals Portray Parts in Disney's 'Robin Hood''. Toledo Blade. October 18, 1970. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
31. ^ ^abJones, Steve; Jensen, Joli (2005). Afterlife as Afterimage: Understanding Posthumous Fame. Peter Lang. p. 197. ISBN978-0-8204-6365-0.
32. ^'All-Time Film Rental Champs'. Variety. January 14, 1981. p. 28.
33. ^ ^ab'The Jungle Book'. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 27, 2008.
34. ^'All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation'. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
35. ^Scott Roxborough (January 11, 2016). 'German Box Office: 'Star Wars' Becomes Fourth Highest-Grossing Film of All Time'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
36. ^'The Ultimate Chart: 1–100'. British Film Institute. November 28, 2004. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
37. ^'Top250 Tous Les Temps En France (reprises incluses)'. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
38. ^'Top 20 Sell-Through Units Shipped'. The Hollywood Reporter. Wilkerson Daily Corporation. 320 (18–34): 533. 1991.
39. ^'Disney sees big sales for 'Snow White' video'. United Press International. April 28, 1994.
40. ^'Billboard'(PDF). Billboard. January 22, 1994. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
41. ^'Home Video — VIDBITS 'Philadelphia''. United Press International. August 4, 1994.
42. ^'New Line's Film Runs 'Rings' Around Video Competition'. Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. 114 (35): 83. August 31, 2002.
43. ^'The Jungle Book DVD Review'. Ultimate Disney. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
44. ^White, Cindy (October 4, 2007). 'Disney Cracks Open The Jungle Book Again'. IGN. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
45. ^Holleran, Scott (September 14, 2007). ''Jungle Book' Opens in Hollywood'. Archived from the original on March 29, 2010. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
46. ^McCutcheon, David (January 13, 2010). 'Disney Vault Shuts'. IGN. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
47. ^Brigante, Ricky (February 11, 2014). 'Review: 'The Jungle Book' Blu-ray brings home much more than bare necessities with funny, heartfelt features'. InsideTheMagic. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
48. ^'The Jungle Book (1967) - Financial Information'. The Numbers. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
49. ^'New Movies: The Jungle Book'. Time. Vol. 91 no. 3. January 19, 1968. p. 90.
50. ^Schickel, Richard (January 5, 1968). 'Walt's Good — and Bad — Goodbye'. Life. 64 (1): 11. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
51. ^'Review: The Jungle Book'. Variety. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
52. ^'1968 Oscars Nominees'. Oscars.org. January 29, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
53. ^ ^ab'Your Guide To Disney's 50 Animated Features'. Empire. January 29, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
54. ^'The Jungle Book (1967)'. Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
55. ^Tucker, Ken (August 3, 1990). 'Movie Review: The Jungle Book'. Entertainment Weekly.
56. ^Solomon, Charles (July 13, 1990). 'MOVIE REVIEW : Kipling Reconditioned in Walt Disney's 'The Jungle Book''. Los Angeles Times.
57. ^Hollis, Tim; Ehrbar, Greg (2006). Mouse Tracks: The Story of Walt Disney Records. University Press of Mississippi. p. 116. ISBN978-1-61703-433-6.
58. ^'The Jungle Book 2'. Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
59. ^Armstrong, Josh (April 22, 2013). 'From Snow Queen to Pinocchio II: Robert Reece's animated adventures in screenwriting'. Animated Views. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
60. ^Spanton, T. (April 21, 2009). 'Toon of a kind'. The Sun. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
61. ^The Lure of The Jungle Book.The Jungle Book, Platinum Edition, Disc 2. 2007.
62. ^'TaleSpin'. Entertainment Weekly. September 7, 1990. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
63. ^King, Susan (September 1, 1996). 'Reading, Writing and Reinventing Heroes'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
64. ^Nibley, Alexander (May 26, 1997). 'Are Films Using Names in Vain?'. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 22, 2010.
65. ^Keegan, Rebecca (January 8, 2016). 'Jon Favreau brings 21st century technology to Rudyard Kipling's 1894 'The Jungle Book''. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
66. ^'Jungle Book — Sega Genesis: Video Games'. Amazon.com. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
67. ^Strohm, Axel (May 17, 2006). 'Jungle Book Rhythm N'Groove Hands-On'. GameSpot. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
68. ^Varanini, Giancarlo (February 7, 2003). 'Ubi Soft to release two Jungle Book games'. GameSpot. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
69. ^'QuackShot Retro Review'. IGN. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
70. ^Groenendijk, Ferry (August 11, 2006). 'Kingdom Hearts II Tetsuya Nomura interview'. Video Game Blogger. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
71. ^McGeorge, Christopher (September 26, 2013). 'Kingdom Hearts III: 7 Awesome Disney Worlds It Must Include'. What Culture. Archived from the original on June 12, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
72. ^Lyttelton, Oliver (March 14, 2013). '5 Things You Might Not Know About 'Who Framed Roger Rabbit''. IndieWire. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
73. ^Marc Rath, Marc (December 17, 2010). 'Controversial Jungle Book artwork by Banksy bound for auction'. Evening Post. Bristol Evening Post. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2010.

External links

• The Jungle Book at The Big Cartoon DataBase
• The Jungle Book on IMDb
• The Jungle Book at the TCM Movie Database
• The Jungle Book at Rotten Tomatoes
• The Jungle Book at Box Office Mojo

The Jungle Book (1894) is a collection of stories by the English author Rudyard Kipling. Most of the characters are animals such as Shere Khan the tiger and Baloo the bear, though a principal character is the boy or 'man-cub' Mowgli, who is raised in the jungle by wolves. The stories are set in a forest in India; one place mentioned repeatedly is 'Seonee' (Seoni), in the centralstate of Madhya Pradesh.

A major theme in the book is abandonment followed by fostering, as in the life of Mowgli, echoing Kipling's own childhood. The theme is echoed in the triumph of protagonists including Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal over their enemies, as well as Mowgli's. Another important theme is of law and freedom; the stories are not about animal behaviour, still less about the Darwinian struggle for survival, but about human archetypes in animal form. They teach respect for authority, obedience, and knowing one's place in society with 'the law of the jungle', but the stories also illustrate the freedom to move between different worlds, such as when Mowgli moves between the jungle and the village. Critics have also noted the essential wildness and lawless energies in the stories, reflecting the irresponsible side of human nature.

The Jungle Book has remained popular, partly through its many adaptations for film and other media. Critics such as Swati Singh have noted that even critics wary of Kipling for his supposed imperialism^[1] have admired the power of his storytelling.^[1] The book has been influential in the scout movement, whose founder, Robert Baden-Powell, was a friend of Kipling's.^[2]Percy Grainger composed his Jungle Book Cycle around quotations from the book.

• 2Book
• 3Themes

Context

The stories were first published in magazines in 1893–94. The original publications contain illustrations, some by the author's father, John Lockwood Kipling. Rudyard Kipling was born in India and spent the first six years of his childhood there. After about ten years in England, he went back to India and worked there for about six-and-a-half years. These stories were written when Kipling lived in Naulakha, the home he built in Dummerston, Vermont, in the United States.^[3] There is evidence that Kipling wrote the collection of stories for his daughter Josephine, who died from pneumonia in 1899, aged 6; a first edition of the book with a handwritten note by the author to his young daughter was discovered at the National Trust's Wimpole Hall in Cambridgeshire, England, in 2010.^[4]

Book

Description

The tales in the book (as well as those in The Second Jungle Book, which followed in 1895 and includes five further stories about Mowgli) are fables, using animals in an anthropomorphic manner to teach moral lessons. The verses of 'The Law of the Jungle', for example, lay down rules for the safety of individuals, families, and communities. Kipling put in them nearly everything he knew or 'heard or dreamed about the Indian jungle'.^[5] Other readers have interpreted the work as allegories of the politics and society of the time.^[6]

Origins

The stories in The Jungle Book were inspired in part by the ancient Indian fable texts such as the Panchatantra and the Jataka tales.^[7] For example, an older moral-filled mongoose and snake version of the 'Rikki-Tikki-Tavi' story by Kipling is found in Book 5 of Panchatantra.^[8] In a letter to the American author Edward Everett Hale, Kipling wrote,^[7]

The idea of beast-tales seems to me new in that it is a most ancient and long forgotten idea. The really fascinating tales are those that the Bodhisat tells of his previous incarnations ending always with the beautiful moral. Most of the native hunters in India today think pretty much along the lines of an animal's brain and I have 'cribbed' freely from their tales.

The Jungle Book 2 Part 9 Movie

In a letter written and signed by Kipling in or around 1895, states Alison Flood in The Guardian, Kipling confesses to borrowing ideas and stories in the Jungle Book: 'I am afraid that all that code in its outlines has been manufactured to meet 'the necessities of the case': though a little of it is bodily taken from (Southern) Esquimaux rules for the division of spoils,' Kipling wrote in the letter. 'In fact, it is extremely possible that I have helped myself promiscuously but at present cannot remember from whose stories I have stolen.'^[10]

Setting

Kipling lived in India as a child, and most of the stories^[a] are evidently set there, though it is not entirely clear where. The Kipling Society notes that 'Seonee' (Seoni, in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh) is mentioned several times; that the 'cold lairs' must be in the jungled hills of Chittorgarh; and that the first Mowgli story, 'In the Rukh', is set in a forest reserve somewhere in northern India, south of Simla. 'Mowgli's Brothers' was positioned in the Aravalli hills of Rajasthan (northwestern India) in an early manuscript, later changed to Seonee, and Bagheera treks from 'Oodeypore' (Udaipur), a journey of reasonable length to Aravalli but a long way from Seoni.^[11][12] Seoni has a tropical savanna climate, with a dry and a rainy season. This is drier than a monsoon climate and does not support tropical rainforest.^[13] Forested parks and reserves that claim to be associated with the stories include Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh,^[14] and Pench National Park, near Seoni.^[15] However, Kipling never visited the area.^[11]

Chapters

The book is arranged with a story in each chapter. Each story is followed by a poem that serves as an epigram.

Characters

Many of the characters (marked *) are named simply for the Hindi names of their species: for example, Baloo is a transliteration of Hindi भालू Bhālū, 'bear'. The characters (marked ^) from 'The White Seal' are transliterations from the Russian of the Pribilof Islands.

• Akela * – A wolf
• Bagheera * – A black panther
• Baloo * — A bear
• Bandar-log – A tribe of monkeys
• Chil * – A kite, in earlier editions called Rann (रण Raṇ, 'battle')
• Chuchundra * – A muskrat
• Darzee *^[e] – A tailorbird
• Father Wolf – The father wolf who raised Mowgli as his own cub
• Grey brother – One of Mother and Father Wolf's cubs
• Hathi * – An Indian elephant
• Ikki * – A porcupine
• Kaa * – A python
• Karait * – A krait
• Kotick ^ – A white seal
• Mang * – A bat
• Mor * – An Indian peafowl
• Mowgli – Main character, the young jungle boy
• Nag * – A male cobra
• Nagaina * – A female cobra, Nag's mate
• Raksha ^[f] – The Mother wolf who raised Mowgli as her own cub
• Rikki-Tikki-Tavi – A mongoose
• Sea Catch ^ – A seal and Kotick's father
• Sea Cow – A (Steller's) sea cow
• Sea Vitch ^ – A walrus
• Shere Khan * — A tiger
• Tabaqui * – A jackal

Illustrations

The early editions were illustrated with drawings in the text by John Lockwood Kipling (Rudyard's father), and the American artists W. H. Drake and Paul Frenzeny.^[19]

Editions and translations

The book has appeared in over 500 print editions,^[20] and over 100 audiobooks.^[21] It has been translated into at least 36 languages.^[22]

Themes

Abandonment and fostering

Critics such as Harry Ricketts have observed that Kipling returns repeatedly to the theme of the abandoned and fostered child, recalling his own childhood feelings of abandonment. In his view, the enemy, Shere Khan, represents the 'malevolent would-be foster-parent' who Mowgli in the end outwits and destroys, just as Kipling as a boy had to face Mrs Holloway in place of his parents. Ricketts writes that in 'Mowgli's Brothers', the hero loses his human parents at the outset, and his wolf fosterers at the conclusion; and Mowgli is again rejected at the end of 'Tiger! Tiger!', but each time is compensated by 'a queue of would-be foster-parents' including the wolves, Baloo, Bagheera and Kaa. In Ricketts's view, the power that Mowgli has over all these characters who compete for his affection is part of the book's appeal to children.^[23] The historian of India Philip Mason similarly emphasises the Mowgli myth, where the fostered hero, 'the odd man out among wolves and men alike', eventually triumphs over his enemies. Mason notes that both Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and The White Seal do much the same.^[24]

Law and freedom

The novelist Marghanita Laski argued that the purpose of the stories was not to teach about animals but to create human archetypes through the animal characters, with lessons of respect for authority. She noted that Kipling was a friend of the founder of the Scout Movement, Robert Baden-Powell, who based the junior scout 'Wolf Cubs' on the stories, and that Kipling admired the movement.^[23][25] Ricketts wrote that Kipling was obsessed by rules, a theme running throughout the stories and named explicitly as 'the law of the jungle'. Part of this, Ricketts supposed, was Mrs Holloway's evangelicalism, suitably transformed. The rules required obedience and 'knowing your place', but also provided social relationships and 'freedom to move between different worlds'.^[23] Sandra Kemp observed that the law may be highly codified, but that the energies are also lawless, embodying the part of human nature which is 'floating, irresponsible and self-absorbed'.^[23][26] There is a duality between the two worlds of the village and the jungle, but Mowgli, like Mang the bat, can travel between the two.^[23]

The novelist and critic Angus Wilson noted that Kipling's law of the jungle was 'far from Darwinian', since no attacks were allowed at the water-hole, even in drought. In Wilson's view, the popularity of the Mowgli stories is thus not literary but moral: the animals can follow the law easily, but Mowgli has human joys and sorrows, and the burden of making decisions.^[23][27] Kipling's biographer, Charles Carrington, argued that the 'fables' about Mowgli illustrate truths directly, as successful fables do, through the character of Mowgli himself; through his 'kindly mentors', Bagheera and Baloo; through the repeated failure of the 'bully' Shere Khan; through the endless but useless talk of the Bandar-log; and through the law, which makes the jungle 'an integrated whole' while enabling Mowgli's brothers to live as the 'Free People'.^[28]

The academic Jan Montefiore commented on the book's balance of law and freedom that 'You don't need to invoke Jacqueline Rose on the adult's dream of the child's innocence or Perry Nodelman's theory of children's literature colonising its readers' minds with a double fantasy of the child as both noble savage and embryo good citizen, to see that the Jungle Books .. give their readers a vicarious experience of adventure both as freedom and as service to a just State'.^[29]

Reception

Sayan Mukherjee, writing for the Book Review Circle, calls The Jungle Book 'One of the most enjoyable books of my childhood and even in adulthood, highly informative as to the outlook of the British on their 'native population'.'^[30]

The academic Jopi Nyman argued in 2001 that the book formed part of the construction of 'colonial English national identity'^[31] within Kipling's 'imperial project'.^[31] In Nyman's view, nation, race and class are mapped out in the stories, contributing to 'an imagining of Englishness as a site of power and racial superiority.'^[31] Nyman suggested that The Jungle Book's monkeys and snakes represent 'colonial animals'^[31] and 'racialized Others'^[31] within the Indian jungle, whereas the White Seal promotes 'truly English' identities in the nationalist allegory'^[31] of that story.^[31]

Swati Singh, in his Secret History of the Jungle Book, notes that the tone is like that of Indian folklore, fable-like, and that critics have speculated that the Kipling may have heard similar stories from his Hindu bearer and his Portuguese ayah (nanny) during his childhood in India. Singh observes, too, that Kipling wove 'magic and fantasy' into the stories for his daughter Josephine, and that even critics reading Kipling for signs of imperialism could not help admiring the power of his storytelling.^[1]

The Jungle Book came to be used as a motivational book by the Cub Scouts, a junior element of the Scouting movement. This use of the book's universe was approved by Kipling at the request of Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scouting movement, who had originally asked for the author's permission for the use of the Memory Game from Kim in his scheme to develop the morale and fitness of working-class youths in cities. Akela, the head wolf in The Jungle Book, has become a senior figure in the movement; the name is traditionally adopted by the leader of each Cub Scout pack.^[2]

The Jungle Book 2 Part 9

Adaptations

The Jungle Book has been adapted many times in a wide variety of media. In literature, Robert Heinlein wrote the Hugo Award-winningscience fiction novel, Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), when his wife, Virginia, suggested a new version of The Jungle Book, but with a child raised by Martians instead of wolves.^[32][33]Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book (2008) is inspired by The Jungle Book. It follows a baby boy who is found and brought up by the dead in a cemetery. It has many scenes that can be traced to Kipling, but with Gaiman's dark twist.^[34]

In music, the Jungle Book cycle (1958) was written by the Australian composer Percy Grainger, an avid Kipling reader. It consists of quotations from the book, set as choral pieces and solos for soprano, tenor or baritone.^[35] The French composer Charles Koechlin wrote several symphonic works inspired by the book. BBC Radio broadcast an adaptation on 14 February 1994 and released it as a BBC audiobook in 2008.^[36] It was directed by Chris Wallis with Nisha K. Nayar as Mowgli, Eartha Kitt as Kaa, Freddie Jones as Baloo, and Jonathan Hyde as Bagheera. The music was by John Mayer.^[37]

The book's text has been adapted for younger readers with comic book adaptations such as DC ComicsElseworlds' story, 'Superman: The Feral Man of Steel', in which an infant Superman is raised by wolves, while Bagheera, Akela, and Shere Khan make appearances.^[38]Marvel Comics published several adaptations by Mary Jo Duffy and Gil Kane in the pages of Marvel Fanfare (vol. 1). These were collected in the one-shot Marvel Illustrated: The Jungle Book (2007).^[39]Bill Willingham's comic book series, Fables, features The Jungle Book's Mowgli, Bagheera, and Shere Khan.^[40]

Manga Classics: The Jungle Book, published by UDON Entertainment's Manga Classics imprint, was published in June 2017.^[41]

Many films have been based on one or another of Kipling's stories, including Elephant Boy (1937),^[42] the Russian: Маугли (Mowgli) published as Adventures of Mowgli in the US, an animation released between 1967 and 1971, and combined into a single 96-minute feature film in 1973;^[43]Chuck Jones's made for-TV cartoons Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (1975),^[44]The White Seal (1975),^[45] and Mowgli's Brothers (1976).^[46] Many films, too, have been made of the book as a whole, such as Zoltán Korda's 1942 film,^[47]Disney's 1967 animation^[48] and its 2016 remake,^[49] and the 1989 Italian-Japanese animeJungle Book Shonen Mowgli.^[50]

Stuart Paterson wrote a stage adaptation in 2004, first produced by the BirminghamOld Rep in 2004 and published in 2007 by Nick Hern Books.^[51]

See also

Notes

1. ^'The White Seal' is set in the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea.
2. ^Many of the 'animal language' words and names in this story are a phonetic spelling of Russian (probably as spoken with an Aleut accent), for example 'Stareek!' (Старик!) 'old man!'; 'Ochen scoochnie' (said by Kotick) 'I am very lonesome' Очень скучный (correctly means 'very boring'); holluschick (plural -ie) 'bachelor male seal' (холощик) from холостой ('unmarried'); Matkah (Kotick's mother, матка, 'dam', 'mother of an animal', or 'womb')
3. ^Originally titled 'Servants of the Queen'
4. ^'Cavalry Horses' is set to 'Bonnie Dundee'. 'Elephants of the Gun-Teams' fits the tune and has a similar first line to the marching song 'The British Grenadiers', as does 'Gun-Bullocks'. 'Screw-Gun Mules' is set to the tune of the English folk song 'The Lincolnshire Poacher' and echoes some of its lines.^[18]
5. ^Darzee is the Hindi for tailor.
6. ^Raksha is the Hindi for defence.

References

1. ^ ^abcSingh, Swati (2016). Secret History of the Jungle Book. The Real Press. p. 7. ISBN978-0-9935239-2-2.
2. ^ ^ab'History of Cub Scouting'. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 30 October 2016. A strong influence from Kipling's Jungle Book remains today. The terms 'Law of the Pack,' 'Akela,' 'Wolf Cub,' 'grand howl,' 'den,' and 'pack' all come from the Jungle Book.
3. ^Rao, K. Bhaskara (1967). Rudyard Kipling's India. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
4. ^'Kipling first edition with author's poignant note found'. BBC New. 8 April 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
5. ^Gilmour, David (2003). The Long Recessional: the Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling. Pimlico. ISBN0-7126-6518-8.
6. ^Hjejle, Benedicte (1983). Fddbek, Ole; Thomson, Niels (eds.). 'Kipling, Britisk Indien og Mowglihistorieine' [Kipling, British India and the Story of Mowgli]. Feitskrifi til Kristof Glamann (in Danish). Odense, Denmark: Odense Universitetsforlag. pp. 87–114.
7. ^ ^abcKaori Nagai; Caroline Rooney; Donna Landry, Monica Mattfeld, Charlotte Sleigh, Karen Jones (2015). Cosmopolitan Animals. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 267. ISBN978-1-137-37628-2.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
8. ^Jan Montefiore (2013). In Time's Eye: Essays on Rudyard Kipling. Manchester University Press. pp. 132–134. ISBN978-1-5261-1129-6.
9. ^Rudyard Kipling (2016). Thomas Penney (ed.). The Letters of Rudyard Kipling: Volume 2: 1890-99. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 168. ISBN978-1-349-63806-2.
10. ^Flood, Alison (31 May 2013). 'Rudyard Kipling 'admitted to plagiarism in Jungle Book''. The Guardian. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
11. ^ ^abSlater, John (23 March 2007). 'Seeonee: The Site of Mowgli's Jungle?'. The Kipling Society. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
12. ^'P. W. I.' (September 1969). 'REPORT ON DISCUSSION MEETING of Feb. 19th'(PDF). Kipling Journal. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
13. ^'Climate: Sivani (Madhya Pradesh)'. Climate-Date.org. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
14. ^'On 'The Jungle Book' trail at Kanha National Park'. DNA India. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
15. ^Andres, Trisha (15 April 2016). 'The Jungle Book: 5 best tours to Rudyard Kipling's India'. The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
16. ^'The White Seal'. The Kipling Society. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
17. ^'Elephant Boy (1937) - Robert Flaherty, Zoltan Korda - Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related - AllMovie'. AllMovie.
18. ^'The Musical Settings of Kipling's Verse'(PDF). The Kipling Society. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
19. ^'The Jungle Book - With Illustrations by John Lockwood Kipling & Others'. Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
20. ^'ti:The Jungle Book au:Rudyard Kipling'. WorldCat. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
21. ^'ti:The Jungle Book au:Rudyard Kipling'. WorldCat. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
22. ^'The Jungle Book, Rudyard Kipling'. WorldCat. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
23. ^ ^abcdefUnderwood, F. A.; Radcliffe, John (30 July 2008). ''Mowgli's Brothers''. Kipling Society. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
24. ^Mason, Philip (1975). Kipling - The Glass, the Shadow and the Fire. Jonathan Cape. p. 171. ISBN978-0224011280.
25. ^Laski, Marghanita (1987). From Palm to Pine, Rudyard Kipling at Home and Abroad. Sidgwick and Jackson. p. 124. ISBN978-0283994227.
26. ^Kemp, Sandra (1988). Kipling's Hidden Narratives. Basil Blackwell. p. 12. ISBN978-0631155775.
27. ^Wilson, Angus (1977). The Strange Ride of Rudyard Kipling. Secker & Warburg. p. 122. ISBN978-0712659277.
28. ^Carrington, Charles (1955). Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work. Macmillan. p. 208.
29. ^Montefiore, Jan (2011). Booth, Howard J. (ed.). Kipling as a children's writer and the Jungle Books. The Cambridge Companion to Rudyard Kipling. Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–109. ISBN978-1-107-49363-6.
30. ^Mukherjee, Sayan. 'Book: The Jungle Book'. Book Review Circle. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
31. ^ ^abcdefgNyman, Jopi (2001). 'Re-Reading Rudyard Kipling's 'English' Heroism: Narrating Nation in The Jungle Book'. Orbis Litterarum. 56 (3): 205–220. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0730.2001.d01-44.x.
32. ^'Biography: Robert A. Heinlein'. Heinlein Society.
33. ^'1962 Award Winners & Nominees'. Worlds Without End. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
34. ^'Journal: The Graveyard Book'. Neil Gaiman's Journal. 13 February 2008.
35. ^'CD Review. Percy Grainger. Jungle Book'. Classical Net. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
36. ^'BBC Press Office - new releases'. bbc.co.uk. 25 July 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
37. ^'Diversity Website - Radio Plays - The Jungle Book'. suttoelm.org.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
38. ^Superman Annual. DC Comics. 1994.
39. ^'The Jungle Book'. Fanfare #8–11, 64 pages. Marvel. April 2007.
40. ^SPH Magazines (2007). GameAxis Unwired. SPH Magazines. p. 78. ISSN0219-872X.
41. ^Manga Classics: The Jungle Book (2017) UDON Entertainment ISBN978-1772940190
42. ^'Elephant Boy (1937) - Robert Flaherty, Zoltan Korda - Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related - AllMovie'. AllMovie. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
43. ^Smith, Patrick (15 April 2016). 'We don't wanna be like you: how Soviet Russia made its own, darker Jungle Book'. The Telegraph. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
44. ^'Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (TV 1975)'. IMDb. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
45. ^'The White Seal (TV 1975)'. IMDb. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
46. ^'Mowgli's Brothers (TV 1976)'. IMDb. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
47. ^'Jungle Book (1942)'. British Film Institute. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
48. ^'The Jungle Book'. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
49. ^'The Jungle Book'(PDF). Disney. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
50. ^'Mondo tv S.P.A - LIBRARY The jungle book'. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
51. ^'Stuart Paterson – complete guide to the Playwright and Plays'. Retrieved 16 December 2017.

External links

The Jungle Book 2 2019

• The Jungle Book at Project Gutenberg
• The Jungle Book public domain audiobook at LibriVox